2020高考英語高頻考點——做出推理和判斷

　　2020高考即將開戰(zhàn)，你準備好了嗎？高考網(wǎng)小編為各位考生整理了一些高頻考點，供大家參考閱讀！

　　考點1

　　推斷隱含意義

　　推斷隱含意義，即要求考生根據(jù)文章的某個句子、段落或全文所提供的事實進行邏輯推理，推斷出作者沒有提到的或者沒有明說的事實或者可能發(fā)生的事實。旨在考查考生透過詞語的字面意義去理解作者的言外之意的能力。此類題目的題干一般有三類：

　　1.題干中含有infer(推斷)，imply（暗示），suggest（暗示），conclude（推斷出，得出結(jié)論）等動詞。

　　2.題干中含有表示推測的情態(tài)動詞，如can，could，might，would等;或者含有其他表示可能性的詞，如probably，most likely等。

　　3.題干中并沒有明確的表示推測的詞語，但解題時需要針對文章某些細節(jié)進行推斷，推斷其背后的隱含意義。這類題目常見的設(shè)問形式有：

　　What can we infer about ...？

　　The first two paragraphs suggest that        .

　　Which of the following statements does the passage support?

　　How would the author feel about ...?

　　What is special about ...?

　　【典例1】

　　（2017·全國卷Ⅰ·C篇）..."Jazz seems like itis not really a part of the American appetite," Moran tells National Public Radiois reporter Neal Conan. "What I am hoping to accomplish is that my generation and younger start to reconsider and understand that jazz is not black and white anymore. Itis actually color, and it is actually digital."Moran says one of the problems with jazz today is that the entertainment aspect of the music has been lost. "The music can  not be presented today the way it was in 1908 or 1958. It has to continue to move, because the way the world works is not the same," says Moran.Last year, Moran worked on a project that arranged Fats Walleris music for a dance party, "just to kind of put it back in the mind that Waller is dance music as much as it is concert music," says Moran. "For me, itis the recontextualization.In music, where does the emotion (情感) lie? Are we, as humans, gaining any insight (感悟) on how to talk about ourselves and how something as abstract as a Charlie Parker record gets us into a dialogue about our emotions and our thoughts? Sometimes we lose sight that the music has a wider context," says Moran, "so I want to continue those dialogues. Those are the things I want to foster."30.What can we infer about Moranis opinion on jazz?

　　A. It will disappear gradually.

　　B. It remains black and white.

　　C. It should keep up with the times.

　　D. It changes every 50 years.

　　【解析】本題干的關(guān)鍵詞是Moranis opinion on jazz,從文章中Moran所說的話可推斷出答案。由選文第一段Moran所說的話中的"What I  am hoping to accomplish is that my generation and younger start to reconsider and understand that jazz is not black and white anymore"可知B項錯誤。由選文第二段Moran所說的話中的"The music can not be presented today the way it was in 1908 or 1958. It has to continue to move, because the way the world works is not the same"可推知，爵士樂的呈現(xiàn)形式不能和1908年或1958年的一樣，它必須與時俱進，這與C項一致。A項"爵士樂會逐漸消失"和D項"爵士樂每五十年改變一次"在文中均沒有提及。C。

　　【方法點津】做推理判斷題要注意以下幾點：

　　(1)嚴格按照閱讀材料中所提供的信息進行推斷，切忌摻雜自己的經(jīng)驗、態(tài)度、觀點或愛好去理解文章的內(nèi)涵。

　　(2)有些選項中的內(nèi)容是閱讀材料的簡單重復(fù)，而非推斷出來的結(jié)論。

　　(3)注意文中的虛擬語氣和情態(tài)動詞，這些往往能流露出作者的弦外之音。

　　(4)有時作者只是客觀地敘述事實，并未做評論，考生閱讀時如果主觀地進行推斷就容易出錯。如文中提到一樣?xùn)|西貴，并不意味著就買不起。

　　(5)某些細節(jié)看似在原文中出現(xiàn)過，但與原文不符，或斷章取義，或因果倒置等。

　　【典例2】

　　（2017·全國卷Ⅱ·D篇）...Charles Darwin, over 150 years ago, imagined a world far busier, noisier and more intimate(親密的) than the world we can see and hear. Our senses are weak. There is a whole lot going on.35.What can we infer from the last paragraph?

　　A. The word is changing faster than ever.

　　B. People have stronger senses than before.

　　C. The world is more complex than it seems.

　　D. People in Darwin is time were more imaginative.officer

　　【解析】要她解釋那是什么，她說leg，然后那officer露出驚恐的表情，說了句"Pardon?"她很大聲地重復(fù)說leg! 還特地在腿上比劃了半天，說：leg啊，leg，就是leg啊。在國外，學(xué)生去廁所一般都要和office里的人報告，一次我去廁所時看到有個正在值班的白人大媽，她問我要干啥，我覺得說washroom太土了點，就對她說：Where is the bedroom? I need to pee.選段由一個長句和兩個短句構(gòu)成，所提供的信息很有限。由第一句可知，Charles Darwin在150多年前曾想象一個遠比我們能看到和聽到的更繁忙、更嘈雜、更親密的世界；由第二句和第三句可知，我們的感知能力很弱，有很多事情正在發(fā)生。由此推知世界遠比它顯現(xiàn)出來的更加復(fù)雜。C。

　　【典例3】

　　（2017·全國卷Ⅰ·B篇）I work with Volunteers for Wildlife, a rescue and education organization at Bailey Arboretum in Locust Valley. Trying to help injured, displaced or sick creatures can be heartbreaking; survival is never certain. However, when it works, it is simply beautiful.    ...24.What is unavoidable in the author is rescue work according to paragraph 1?

　　A. Efforts made in vain.

　　B. Getting injured in his work.

　　C. Feeling uncertain about his future.

　　D. Creatures forced out of their homes.

　　【解析】根據(jù)選段第二句"Trying to help injured, displaced or sick creatures can be heartbreaking; survival is never certain"可知，救助野生動物的工作有時讓人悲傷，因為不能保證野生動物能存活下來，也就是說，救助野生動物的努力可能會白費。B項曲解文意，第二句提到了幫助受傷的野生動物，而不是說作者難免會在工作中受傷；C項曲解文意，第二句中的"survival is never certain"是說野生動物存活下來不能確定，而不是說作者對自己的未來不能確定；第二句提到了injured, displaced or sick creatures，但是并不是說野生動物被迫離開家園，故D項不正確。A。

　　考點2

　　對文章的內(nèi)容進行預(yù)測與想象

　　此類題目要求考生根據(jù)語篇對事件可能的結(jié)局或下段可能涉及的內(nèi)容等進行預(yù)測和想象，一般難度較大。做這類題目應(yīng)把握作者的寫作思路和文章的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)等，從而作出比較科學(xué)的預(yù)測。這類題目常見的設(shè)問形式有：

　　What do you think will happen when/if...?

　　At the end of this passage, the writer might continue to write      .

　　The paragraph following the passage will most probably be about      .

　　Which of the following statements is most likely to be talked about in the following paragraph?

　　【典例4】

　�。�2017·安徽合肥二模） Bees play a vital role in the world. Unfortunately, bees are dying very fast.The main purpose of keeping bees is to make honey. Honey, shockingly, is  not used for human consumption; it is essential to the insects. Bees store honey in their hives(蜂箱) in order to have energy for their flight muscles and for heating the hives in the winter. They collect pollen(花粉) which supplies protein for young bees to grow.According to honey.com, the production and quality of agricultural crops as a result of pollination by bees have increased a lot. These insects are responsible for over 70 kinds of the fruits and vegetables we eat today, including apples, grapes, beans and broccoli(西蘭花).So if they are so valuable to agriculture, why do they keep dying off? A key factor seems to be pesticides(殺蟲劑). Bees who are exposed to pesticides suffer from the damage to their neurological(神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的) functions, specifically to their memory or behavior. And that is why the majority of worker bees disappear and leave behind a queen bee, plenty of food and a few nurse bees to care for the remaining immature bees and the queen bee. There are several other causes to the decline of bees, including the destruction of natural habitat, like woodlands, forests and other habitats for bees. The climate change is also a factor in the decline of the bees  population.Actually, there are a variety of methods to help the bees   population grow. One way is to start your own organic garden by planting bee\|friendly plants. Pesticides are used in both industrial practices and even in your home, so it is best to find organic seeds.35.What would the author probably discuss in the paragraph that follows?

　　A. Another way to save bees.

　　B. Other tips for choosing seeds.

　　C. More methods to plant green organic fruits.

　　D. Causes of the decline of the bees  population.

　　【解析】本文是一篇說明文。蜜蜂在生物界起著重要的作用，但是殺蟲劑的使用和其他一些因素，使得蜜蜂正在快速死亡，本文探討了蜜蜂數(shù)量減少的原因并給出了增加蜜蜂數(shù)量的方法和建議。第一段：開門見山，給出全文話題——蜜蜂在世界上起著重要的作用，但是蜜蜂在快速死亡。第二段：介紹了蜜蜂采集花粉、儲藏蜂蜜的原因。第三段：蜜蜂對提高農(nóng)作物的產(chǎn)量和質(zhì)量有著重要的作用。第四段：殺蟲劑的使用和其他一些因素使得大批蜂蜜正在死亡。第五段：介紹有多種方法可以幫助增加蜜蜂的數(shù)量。一種方法是種植有利于蜜蜂的植物來啟動你自己的有機花園。第五段中的"One way"暗示下文將介紹其他能幫助增加蜜蜂數(shù)量的方法。A。

　　【方法點津】做這類題目時考生應(yīng)通讀全文，把握作者的寫作思路（如文章可能按事件發(fā)展的順序描寫，也可能按因果關(guān)系、對比關(guān)系等來敘述）。作者往往在前文提出幾個要解決或要說明的問題，或提出幾種觀點，然后在下文一一解釋說明。因此，考生可在下文找出作者已經(jīng)闡明的問題或觀點，接下來文章將會如何發(fā)展便一目了然了。

　　考點3

　　推斷人物性格

　　此類題目考查考生對文章中出現(xiàn)的人物的性格進行分析和推斷的能力。做此類題目時特別要注意人物說話時的語氣，言談舉止中流露出的情緒、情感、性格傾向等，充分利用表達感情色彩、主觀態(tài)度和個人觀點的詞語對人物性格進行推斷。這類題目常見的設(shè)問形式有：

　　Which of the following words can best describe...?

　　Which word can be used to describe...?

　　What is sb. like?

　　What kind of person is...?

　　【典例5】

　�。�2017·北京卷·A篇）It was a cold March day in High Point, North Carolina. The girls on the Wesleyan Academy softball team were waiting for their next turns at bat during practice, stamping their feet to stay warm. Eighth grader Taylor Bisbee shivered(發(fā)抖) a little as she watched her teammate Paris White play. The two did not know each other well — Taylor had just moved to town a month or so before.Suddenly, Paris fell to the ground. "Paris is eyes rolled back," Taylor says. "She started shaking. I knew it was an emergency."It certainly was. Paris had suffered a sudden heart failure. Without immediate medical care, Paris would die. At first, no one moved. The girls were in shock. Then the softball coach shouted out， "Does anyone know CPR?"CPR is a life\|saving technique. To do CPR, you press on the sick person is chest so that blood moves through the body and takes oxygen to organs. Without oxygen, the brain is damaged quickly.Amazingly, Taylor had just taken a CPR course the day before. Still, she hesitated.She didn?t think she knew it well enough. But when no one else came forward, Taylor ran to Paris and began doing CPR. "It was scary. I knew it was the difference between life and death," says Taylor.Taylor  is swift action helped her teammates calm down. One girl called 911. Two more ran to get the school nurse...58.Which of the following words can best describe Taylor?

　　A. Enthusiastic and kind.

　　B. Courageous and calm.

　　C. Cooperative and generous.

　　D. Ambitious and professional.

　　【解析】根據(jù)第五段中的"But when no one else came forward, Taylor ran to Paris and began doing CPR. ‘It was scary. I knew it was the difference between life and death,’ says Taylor"和第六段中的" Taylor  is swift action helped her teammates calm down"可知，面對緊急情況，Taylor不慌不亂，用所學(xué)的急救知識迅速幫助Paris，并用自己的舉動感染隊友，讓她們鎮(zhèn)靜下來參與救助。由此可推斷出，Taylor是一位勇敢、冷靜的女孩。B。

　　【歸納概括】做此類題目除了要抓住文中描寫人物的關(guān)鍵信息，還要掌握一些描寫人物性格的形容詞，尤其是生僻形容詞。許多考生可能由于不認識單詞而導(dǎo)致誤選。以下描寫人物性格類的詞語需要加強記憶：

　　adaptable 適應(yīng)性強的

　　aggressive 好斗的，有進取心的

　　cooperative 有協(xié)作精神的

　　cautious 謹慎的

　　courageous 無畏的，勇敢的

　　dependable 可靠的

　　easy\going 隨和的

　　faithful 忠誠的

　　industrious 勤奮的

　　independent 獨立的

　　knowledgeable知識淵博的，有見識的

　　modest 謙虛的

　　narrow\|minded 氣量小的，小心眼的

　　out\|going 外向的

　　professional 專業(yè)的，職業(yè)的

　　strong\|minded有主見的，堅持己見的

　　sensible 明智的，理智的

　　straightforward 率直的，坦率的

　　考點4

　　推斷文章出處或讀者對象

　　幾乎所有題材的文章都可能涉及對文章出處、文章類別或讀者對象的考查。文章出處推斷題要求考生具備一定的常識，能夠根據(jù)文章的體裁和題材來斷定文章的出處和類別。讀者對象推斷題要求考生根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容和文中的措辭推斷作者寫這篇文章主要是給誰看的，即作者預(yù)定的讀者對象是什么人。這類題目常見的設(shè)問形式有：

　　This passage would most likely be found in      .

　　The passage is probably taken out of       .

　　Where does this text probably come from?

　　Who are the intended readers of the passage？

　　【典例6】

　　（2017·河北石家莊模擬）Among the international students in Canada who are struggling to find a job there after graduation, some eventually make it with relative ease. They are the ones who?ve already built up much internship (實習(xí)工作）experience while still attending university, as their majors offer co\|operative programs.Co\|operative programs, a feature (特色）of Canadian university programs, allow academic studies to be combined with work experience. During school years，students build up a network with employers，gain internship experience in relevant fields, and earn academic credits that count in their degrees or diplomas....31.Which section of a website does the text probably come from?

　　A. Business.     B. Education.

　　C. Lifestyle.     D. Culture.

　　【解析】考查文章出處。由選段中的關(guān)鍵詞students,job，graduation, university, academic studies, degrees和diplomas并結(jié)合選項可知，本文與教育相關(guān)，因此本文可能來自網(wǎng)站上的教育板塊。B。

　　【典例7】

　　The production of coffee beans is a huge, profitable business, but, unfortunately, full is sun production is taking over the industry and bringing about a lot of damage. The change in how coffee is grown from shade\grown production to full\sun production endangers the very existence of certain animals and birds, and even disturbs the world is ecological balance. On a local level...Fullsun coffee growers destroy this forest home. As a result, many species are quickly dying out.On a more global level, the destruction of the rainforest for full\sun coffee fields also threatens(威脅)human life...Both locally and globally, the continued spread of fullsun coffee plantations(種植園)could mean the destruction of the rainforest ecology...It is obvious that the way much coffee is grown affects many aspects of life, from the local environment to the global ecology.  But consumers do have a choice.  They can purchase shade  grown coffee whenever possible, although at a higher cost. The future health of the planet and mankind is surely worth more than an inexpensive cup of coffee. Q:Where does this text probably come from?

　　A.  An agricultural magazine.

　　B.  A medical journal.

　　C.  An engineering textbook.

　　D.  A tourist guide.

　　【解析】本文主要說明的是在陽光充足的環(huán)境中種植咖啡豆對環(huán)境造成的影響,文章主題與農(nóng)業(yè)有關(guān),由此可判斷出本篇文章來自一本農(nóng)業(yè)雜志。A。

　　做文章出處類推理判斷題重要的是要抓住文章的內(nèi)容或結(jié)構(gòu)特征，弄清楚文章的中心話題是什么，然后結(jié)合生活常識對其進行判斷。比如上題，文章中說明的是在陽光充足的環(huán)境中種植咖啡豆對環(huán)境造成的影響，結(jié)合常識可知這一話題與農(nóng)業(yè)有關(guān)，對比選項可知，此題應(yīng)選A�？忌�要具備一定的常識，要對報紙、雜志、網(wǎng)絡(luò)文章、小說、童話、廣告、說明書、旅游指南、操作指南等的特點有基本的了解，這樣才能根據(jù)文章的特點對號入座，選出最佳答案。如報紙的時效性強，或文章前面會出現(xiàn)日期、地點、通訊社名稱等；廣告一般用于推銷介紹新產(chǎn)品，其格式比較特殊，容易辨認；產(chǎn)品說明，如器皿、設(shè)備的使用說明會有產(chǎn)品名稱和使用方法，而藥品的服用說明會告知服用時間、次數(shù)和藥量等；網(wǎng)站文章中會出現(xiàn)網(wǎng)址或與其相關(guān)的詞匯表達，如click;如果所讀材料篇幅較短，語言通俗易懂且涉及景觀，則可能出自旅游雜志或休閑雜志等。

　　【典例8】

　�。�2017·江西省六校聯(lián)考）This grand adventure through Costa Rica offers the perfect combination of luxury travel and thrilling encounters with the natural world. Travelers will visit the impressing Arenal Volcano, the magical Monteverde Cloud Forests, and the mysterious Manuel Antonio National Park.    ...23.This passage is intended for .

　　A. English learners

　　B. travelers liking adventures

　　C. exchange students

　　D. senior citizens

　　【解析】讀者對象推斷題。根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容，特別是選段中的第一句話"This grand adventure through Costa Rica offers the perfect combination of luxury travel and thrilling encounters with the natural world"可知，本文是向喜歡冒險的人介紹哥斯達黎加探險之旅。B。

　　【方法點津】解答這類題目主要靠理解文章內(nèi)容，也可以從作者的措詞和語氣上去判斷。上文中的"offers the perfect combination of luxury travel and thrilling encounters with the natural world"含有推薦讀者前往一游的意味，故可推斷出此文的讀者對象是愛冒險的旅行者。

　　考點5

　　推斷篇章結(jié)構(gòu)

　　解答篇章結(jié)構(gòu)題時，考生要能夠把握文章的脈絡(luò)，理解段落層次之間的關(guān)系，弄清作者的寫作方法。英語文章講究使用主題段和主題句。主題段通常在文章的開頭，簡要概括文章的中心思想；主題句根據(jù)段落寫作手法的不同可能出現(xiàn)在段落的開頭，也可能出現(xiàn)在段落的中間或末尾。段與段之間常用過渡句連接，起承上啟下的作用，使文章行文連貫、邏輯嚴密。為突出主題，作者可能采用不同的寫作手法來組織文章，如通過舉例、類比等手法來闡明主題。這類題目常見的設(shè)問形式有：

　　How is the passage organized?

　　Which of the following best shows the structure of the passage?

　　The author develops the passage mainly by        .

　　This text is developed            .

　　The method the writer uses to develop Paragraph...is            .

　　【典例9】

　　A warm drink of milk before bed has long been the best choice for those wanting a good night is sleep. But now a study has found it really does help people nod off — if it is milked from a cow at night.Researchers have discovered that "night milk" contains more melatonin(褪黑激素),which has been proven to help people feel sleepy and reduce anxiety.The study,by researchers from Seoul, South Korea, involved mice being fed with dried milk powder made from cows milked both during the day and at night.Those given night milk, which contained 10 times the amount of melatonin, were less active and less anxious than those fed with the milk collected during daytime, according to the study published in The Journal of Medicinal Food.Night milk quickened the start of sleep and caused the mice to sleep longer.While the effect of cows milk harvested at different time has not been tested on humans up to now, taking melatonin drugs has been suggested to those who are struggling to fall asleep at night.Previous studies have also indicated that milk can be excellent for helping sleep because of the calcium content, which helps people to relax.Milk is also sugar\|free and additive\|free with nutritionists recommending skimmed milk as the best choice before bed as it is the least fattening. The more fat you take in before bedtime, the greater burden you will put on your body at night.Q:How does the author support the theme of the text?

　　A. By giving examples.

　　B. By stating arguments.

　　C. By explaining statistical data.

　　D. By providing research results.

　　【解析】這是一篇研究報告。文章指出在夜間取自奶牛的牛奶"night milk"含有大量的褪黑激素，能幫助人們?nèi)胨�，減少焦慮。通讀全文，由文中的"But now a study has found it...at night""Researchers have discovered that...reduce anxiety"和"Previous studies have also indicated that...to relax"可知，文中作者通過提供研究結(jié)果來支持文章的主題。D。

　　【歸納概括】考生平時要掌握一些常見文體的基本寫作手法,

　　如：1.asking/raising questions:文中有多個問句。

　　2.listing/giving examples:文中有明顯的提示語，如for example,like that...

　　3.making comparisons:主要描寫對象為A，卻先寫與A相關(guān)的其他事物，并形成對比，借以突出A的特征。

　　4.Using numbers/figures：文中出現(xiàn)多個數(shù)據(jù)用來說明問題。

　　5.giving explanations：給出定義或解釋。

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